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PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS III
TABLE OF CASES XXI
TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS XXIX
Chapter 1. Application and Relevance
of International Law
I. Introduction 1
II. Problems of Definition 1
~ 1-1. Traditional definition 1
~ 1-2. States under international law -- 2
~ 1-3. Modern definition 2
~ 1-4. Modern subjects 2
III. International and National Application 3
~ 1-5. Applications distinguished 3
~ 1-6. International application 3
~ 1-7. National application 4
~ 1-8. Some examples 4
~ 1-9. Supremacy of international law 6
IV. Relevance and Function of International
Law 8
~ 1-10. Uses of international law 8
~ 1-11. International law as law 8
~ 1-12. Application and enforcement 9
~ 1-13. Enforcement and compliance 11
V. Historical Overview 12
~ 1-14. Origins of the modern system 12
~ 1-15. Major early writers and theories 13
~ 1-16. Historical milestones 14
Chapter 2. Sources of International Law
I. Introduction 18
II. Primary Sources 19
~ 2-1. Article 38(1) of the I.C.J. Stat-
ute 19
~ 2-2. Meaning of Article 38 of the
I.C.J. Statute 20
~ 2-3. Customary international law 21
~ 2-4. Conventional international law-- 24
~ 2-5. General principles of law 25
~ 2-6. Character of modern interna-
tional law 27
III. Secondary Sources or Evidence 27
~ 2-7. Evidence of international law 27
~ 2-8. Law-making process 32
~ 2-9. Where to find the evidence 33
Chapter 3. States and International Or-
ganizations
I. Introduction 35
II. States 35
~ 3-1. Recognition doctrine generally___ 35
~ 3-2. Recognition of states 36
~ 3-3. Dissolution of the USSR 37
~ 3-4. Recognition of governments 39
~ 3-5. Recognition in U.S. practice 41
III. International Organizations Generally 42
~ 3-6. Nature of international organi-
zations 42
~ 3-7. Operational legal issues 43
~ 3-8. Historical background 44
IV. United Nations 45
~ 3-9. U.N. Charter 45
~ 3-10. Nature and function 45
~ 3-11. International constitutional su-
premacy 46
~ 3-12. U.N. organs 46
~ 3-13. Voting procedures 48
~ 3-14. Binding character of U.N. reso-
lutions 49
~ 3-15. Law-making and legislative ac-
tivities 50
V. U.N. Specialized Agencies 52
~ 3-16. Definition 52
~ 3-17. Organizations having special-
ized agency status 53
~ 3-18. Member states 53
V. U.N. Specialized Agencies--Continued
~ 3-19. Legislative activities 54
VI. Regional Organizations 54
~ 3-20. General description 54
~ 3-21. Basic characteristics 55
~ 3-22. Major regional organizations 55
~ 3-23. Membership requirements 56
~ 3-24. Institutional structure 57
~ 3-25. Functions and achievements 57
VII. Supranational Organizations 58
~ 3-26. Meaning of supranationality 58
~ 3-27. Supranationality and the Euro-
pean Union 59
~ 3-28. Mandate of the European Union 59
~ 3-29. EC institutional structure 61
~ 3-30. EC law-making 62
~ 3-31. EC law and national law 62
VIII. Non-State Actors 64
~ 3-32. Non-governmental organiza-
tions 64
Chapter 4. International Dispute Settle-
ment
I. Introduction 66
II. Non-Judicial Methods 67
~ 4-1. Introduction 67
~ 4-2. Negotiation 67
~ 4-3. Inquiry 68
~ 4-4. Mediation or good offices 68
~ 4-5. Conciliation 68
II. Non-Judicial Methods--Continued
~ 4-6. Negotiation, mediation, concilia-
tion combined 69
III. Quasi-Judicial Methods 70
~ 4-7. Arbitration and adjudication
distinguished 70
~ 4-8. International arbitral clauses 71
~ 4-9. Consent to arbitrate 72
~ 4-10. Compromis 73
~ 4-11. Nature and composition of arbi-
tral tribunals 73
~ 4-12. Arbitral award 74
~ 4-13. Applicable law and sources of
law 74
~ 4-14. International arbitration and
the individual 75
IV. Judicial Methods 77
~ 4-15. Introduction 77
A. International Court of Justice
~ 4-16. Historical development 78
~ 4-17. Composition and institutional
structure 79
1. Contentious Jurisdiction
~ 4-18. Bases of contentious jurisdiction 79
~ 4-19. Reciprocity 82
~ 4-20. U.S. Article 36(2) declaration 84
~ 4=-21. Withdrawal of U.S. declaration-- 85
~ 4-22. National security considerations 87
IV. Judicial Methods--Continued
~ 4-23. Effect and enforcement of judg-
ments 88
~ 4-24. Provisional measures 89
2. Advisory Jurisdiction
~ 4-25. Scope of advisory jurisdiction 89
~ 4-26. Legal character 90
B. Other major international courts
~ 4-27. Introduction 91
~ 4-28. International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea 92
~ 4-29. Ad hoc international criminal
tribunals 93
~ 4-30. Court of Justice of the European
Community 96
~ 4-31. European Court of Human
Rights 97
~ 4-32. Inter-American Court of Hu-
man Rights 99
~ 4-33. New courts 100
Chapter 5. International Law of Trea-
ties
I. Introduction 102
II. Definition and Conclusion of Treaties 104
~ 5-1. Definition 104
~ 5-2. Negotiation of treaties 105
~ 5-3. Entry into force of treaties 106
~ 5-4. Consent to be bound by treaty_-_ 107
II. Definition and Conclusion of Treaties--
Continued
~ 5-5. Signature followed by ratifica-
tion 107
III. Reservations 109
~ 5-6. Definition 109
~ 5-7. Right to make reservations 111
~ 5-8. Acceptance and legal effect of
reservations 112
IV. Observance of Treaties 115
~ 5-9. Pacta sunt servanda 115
~ 5-10. Territorial scope of treaties 116
~ 5-11. Interpretation of treaties 116
~ 5-12. Treaties and third states 118
Invalidity, Termination, and Suspension
of Treaties 119
~ 5-13. Invalidity of treaties 119
~ 5-14. National law and invalidity 120
~ 5-15. Termination, suspension, and
breach of treaties 121
~ 5-16. Treaties and state succession 126
Chapter 6. Rights of Individuals
Introduction 129
International Law of Human Rights 130
~ 6-1. Historical development 130
A. Law of the U.N. Charter
~ 6-2. U.N. Charter 132
~ 6-3. Universal Declaration of Human
Rights 133
II. International Law of Human Rights--
Continued
~ 6-4. U.N. human rights covenants 135
~ 6-5. Other U.N. human rights in-
struments 138
~ 6-6. Specialized agencies and region-
al organizations 139
~ 6-7. International human rights code
and its legal effect 139
B. Regional human rights law and insti-
tutions
1. European system
~ 6-8. European Convention on Hu-
man Rights 141
~ 6-9. Convention institutions 142
~ 6-10. Admissibility requirements 144
2. Inter-American System
~ 6-11. Two sources of the system 145
~ 6-12. OAS Charter system 145
~ 6-13. Convention system 146
~ 6-14. Applying the Convention 149
~ 6-15. Interplay with U.S. law 150
3. African System
~ 6-16. African Charter on Human and
Peoples' Rights 151
~ 6-17. Charter institutions 151
~ 6-18. Rights guaranteed 152
C. International humanitarian law
~ 6-19. Definition and sources 153
~ 6-20. 1949 Geneva Conventions 153
~ 6-21. Protocols additional to the Ge-
neva Conventions 156
~ 6-22. Human rights conventions, der-
ogation, and humanitarian
law 157
6-23. War crimes and crimes against
humanity 158
State Responsibility for Injuries to Aliens 158
6--24. Historical development 158
A. Procedural issues
~ 6-25. Nationality requirement 160
~ 6-26. Exhaustion of local remedies 161
~ 6-27. Presentation and settlement of
claims 162
B. Substantive aspects
~ 6-28. Attributable liability 165
~ 6-29. Scope of liability 166
~ 6-30. Economic rights 167
Chapter 7. Foreign Relations Law in the
United States
Introduction 171
II. Separation of Powers in Foreign Affairs_=__ 171
~ 7-1. Congressional power 171
~ 7"2. Executive power 172
~ 7-3. Treaty power 175
II. Separation of Powers in Foreign Affairs--
Continued
~ 7-4. War power 180
~ 7-5. Judicial power 182
III. Role of the States 186
~ 7-6. Federal supremacy under the
Constitution 186
~ 7-7. Case law on federal supremacy-- 187
IV. International Law As a Part of U.S. Law 189
~ 7-8. Introduction 189
~ 7-9. Treaties in U.S. law 190
~ 7-10. Customary international law in
U.S. law 193
~ 7-11. Alien Tort Claims Act 196
Chapter 8. Jurisdiction
I. Introduction 200
II. Presumptions Under U.S. Law 200
~ 8-1. Statutes normally govern con-
duct only within U.S. territo-
ry 200
~ 8-2. Congressional intent to apply
statute extraterritorially 201
~ 8-3. Example: East Africa Embassy
Bombings 202
~ 8-4. Presumption of consistency with
international law 203
III. Permissible Bases of Jurisdiction Under
International Law 204
~ 8-5. General approach of interna-
tional law : 204
III Permissible Bases of Jurisdiction Under
International Law--Continued
~ 8-6. Territorial principle 205
~ 8-7. Nationality principle 206
~ 8-8. Passive personality principle 209
~ 8-9. Protective principle 211
~ 8-10. Universality principle 211
~ 8-11. Combinations of jurisdictional
principles 213
~ 8-12. Discretion to exercise permissi-
ble jurisdiction 213
~ 8-13. Reasonability of exercising juris-
diction 214
~ 8-14. Concurrent jurisdiction 216
Jurisdiction to Prescribe, Adjudicate, and
Enforce 217
~ 8-15. Jurisdiction to prescribe 217
~ 8-16. Jurisdiction to adjudicate 218
~ 8-17. Jurisdiction to enforce 220
Chapter 9. Immunities From Jurisdic-
tion
I. Introduction 222
Diplomatic and Consular Immunities 222
~ 9-1. Function 222
~ 9-2. Diplomatic immunities 223
~ 9-3. Consular immunities 226
~ 9-4. International civil servant im-
munities 227
~ 9-5. U.S. statutory law 229
~ 9-6. Head of state immunity 229
III. State Immunities 233
~ 9-7. Function 233
~ 9-8. Historical development 234
~ 9-9. Foreign Sovereign Immunities
Act (FSIA) 236
~ 9-10. Exception based on waiver 238
~ 9-11. Commercial activity exception --- 239
~ 9-12. Expropriation exception 241
~ 9-13. Tort exception 243
~ 9-14. Exception for arbitration 244
~ 9-15. Terrorist state exception 244
~ 9-16. Counterclaims exception 246
~ 9-17. Extent of liability 246
~ 9-18. Attachment and execution 247
IV. Act of State Doctrine 248
~ 9-19. Act of state doctrine generally--- 248
~ 9-20. Sabbatino case 250
~ 9-21. Exceptions to the doctrine 251
~ 9-22. Exception when Congress so di-
rects 251
~ 9-23. Exception when State Depart-
ment so advises 252
~ 9-24. Treaty exception 253
~ 9-25. Exception for extraterritorial
government action 254
~ 9-26. Exception for commercial activi-
ties 255
~ 9-27. Exception where validity of act
is not in question 255
~ 9-28. Exception for counterclaims 255
~ 9-29. Exception for human rights
cases 256
Chapter 10. Law of the Sea
ntroduction 257
Major Maritime Zones 259
~ 10-1 Baselines and internal waters_i._ 259
~ 10-2. Territorial sea 262
~ 10-3. Contiguous zone 266
~ 10-4. Continental shelf 267
~ 10-5. Exclusive economic zone 269
~ 10-6. High seas 272
~ 10-7. International sea-bed area 273
~ t0-8. Straits and archipelagos 276
~ 10-9. Delimitation of maritime bound-
aries 278
~ 10-10. Hot pursuit across maritime
zones 280
Regulation of Certain Uses of The Sea 281
~ 10-11. Maritime pollution 281
~ 10-12. Fishing 283
IV. Dispute Settlement 286
~ 10-13. LOSC dispute settlement 286
Chaptefr U. International Environmen-
tal Law
I. Introduction 290
Structural Overview 290
~ 11-1. Historical background 290
~ 11-2. International and non-govern-
mental organizations 299
~ 11-3. Key principles 303
~ 11-4. , Techniques of legal regulation _._ 308
III. Regulation in Important Sectors 311
~ 11-5. Ozone depletion 311
~ 11-6. Global climate change 313
~ 11-7. Biological diversity 314
IV. Cross-Sectoral Issues 316
~ 11-8. Trade and environment 316
~ 11-9. Extraterritorial application of
environmental law 32C
Chapter 12. Use of Force and Arms
Control
I. Introduction 322
II. The Use of Force 322
~ 12-1. General prohibition on the use
of force 322
~ 12-2. Inherent right of self-defense 324
~ 12-3. Peace enforcement by the Secu-
rity Council " 329
~ 12-4. Peace enforcement by regional
organizations 333
~ 12-5. Mixed bases for the use of force 335
~ 12-6. U.N. peacekeeping 336
III. Arms Control 338
~ 12-7. Background 338
~ 12-8. Conventional weapons 339
~ 12-9. Chemical and biological weap-
ons 340
~ 12-10. Nuclear weapons 341
Chapter 13. International Legal Re-
search
I, Introduction 344
II. Treatises and Other Scholarly Material 344
~ 13-1. Treatises 344
~ 13-2. Encyclopedias, dictionaries and
restatements 345
~ 13-3. Casebooks 346
~ 13-4. Periodical literature 348
International Agreements 350
~ 13-5. International agreements gener-
ally 350
~ 13-6. International agreements of the
United States 352
~ 13-7. International agreements on
electronic databases 356
State and International Organization
Practice 356
~ 13-8. Contemporary practice of gov-
ernments 356
~ 13-9. Contemporary practice of the
United States 357
~ 13-10. Past practice of the United
States 358
~ 13-11. Practice of the United Nations __ 360
~ 13-12. International Law Commission__ 361
Judicial and Arbitral Decisions 362
~ 13-13. General sources for judicial and
arbitral decisions 362
~ 13-14. I.C.J. decisions 363
V. Judicial and Arbitral Decisions--Contin-
ued
~ 13-15. EC court decisions 364
~ 13-16. Inter-American Court of Hu-
man Rights decisions 364
~ 13-17. International criminal tribunal
decisions 365
~ 13-18. ITLOS decisions 366
~ 13-19. WTO decisions 366
~ 13-20. NAFTA dispute settlement deci-
sions 366
VI. Internet Research 366
~ 13-21. Internet sources 366
VII. Further Reference Works 368
~ 13-22. Additional help 368
SUBJECT INDEX 369
AUTHOR INDEX 383
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